Gnostic writings flourished among certain Christian groups in the Mediterranean world around the second century, when the Fathers of the early Church denounced them as heresy. Mandaean Beth Manda ( Mashkhanna) in Nasiriyah, southern Iraq in 2016 place of worship for one of the only surviving Gnostic religions from antiquity Academic studies Development Definitions of Gnosticism Typologies Traditional approaches – Gnosticism as Christian heresy Phenomenological approaches Restricting Gnosticism Criticism of "Gnosticism" as a category.Major movements Judean-Israelite Gnosticism Elkesaites Mandaeism Samaritan Baptist sects Syrian-Egyptian Gnosticism Sethite-Barbeloite Valentinianism Basilideans Thomasine traditions Marcion Hermeticism Other Gnostic groups Persian Gnosticism Manichaeism Middle Ages Islam Kabbalah Modern times.Relation with early Christianity Orthodoxy and heresy Historical Jesus Johannine literature Paul and Gnosticism.Concepts Monad Pleroma Emanation Aeon Sophia Demiurge Archon Other concepts. ![]() Characteristics Cosmology Dualism and monism Moral and ritual practice Female Representation in Gnosticism.Origins Jewish Christian origins Neoplatonic influences Persian origins or influences Buddhist parallels.
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